14 research outputs found
Accelerating variational quantum Monte Carlo using the variational quantum eigensolver
Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) methods are used to sample classically from
distributions corresponding to quantum states which have an efficient classical
description. VMC methods are based on performing a number of steps of a Markov
chain starting with samples from a simple initial distribution. Here we propose
replacing this initial distribution with samples produced using a quantum
computer, for example using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). We show
that, based on the use of initial distributions generated by numerical
simulations and by experiments on quantum hardware, convergence to the target
distribution can be accelerated compared with classical samples; the energy can
be reduced compared with the energy of the state produced by VQE; and VQE
states produced by small quantum computers can be used to accelerate large
instances of VMC. Quantum-enhanced VMC makes minimal requirements of the
quantum computer and offers the prospect of accelerating classical methods
using noisy samples from near-term quantum computers which are not yet able to
accurately represent ground states of complex quantum systems.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures; v2: added references and additional result
Generating entanglement with linear optics
Entanglement is the basic building block of linear optical quantum
computation, and as such understanding how to generate it in detail is of great
importance for optical architectures. We prove that Bell states cannot be
generated using only 3 photons in the dual-rail encoding, and give strong
numerical evidence for the optimality of the existing 4 photon schemes. In a
setup with a single photon in each input mode, we find a fundamental limit on
the possible entanglement between a single mode Alice and arbitrary Bob. We
investigate and compare other setups aimed at characterizing entanglement in
settings more general than dual-rail encoding. The results draw attention to
the trade-off between the entanglement a state has and the probability of
postselecting that state, which can give surprising constant bounds on
entanglement even with increasing numbers of photons.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, comments welcom
Discriminating distinguishability
Particle distinguishability is a significant challenge for quantum
technologies, in particular photonics where the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect
clearly demonstrates it is detrimental to quantum interference. We take a
representation theoretic approach in first quantisation, separating particles'
Hilbert spaces into degrees of freedom that we control and those we do not,
yielding a quantum information inspired bipartite model where
distinguishability can arise as correlation with an environment carried by the
particles themselves. This makes clear that the HOM experiment is an instance
of a (mixed) state discrimination protocol, which can be generalised to
interferometers that discriminate unambiguously between ideal indistinguishable
states and interesting distinguishable states, leading to bounds on the success
probability of an arbitrary HOM generalisation for multiple particles and
modes. After setting out the first quantised formalism in detail, we consider
several scenarios and provide a combination of analytical and numerical results
for up to nine photons in nine modes. Although the Quantum Fourier Transform
features prominently, we see that it is suboptimal for discriminating
completely distinguishable states.Comment: 17 pages, 2 Tables, 2 figure
Integrated Silicon Photonics for High-Speed Quantum Key Distribution
Integrated photonics offers great potential for quantum communication devices
in terms of complexity, robustness and scalability. Silicon photonics in
particular is a leading platform for quantum photonic technologies, with
further benefits of miniaturisation, cost-effective device manufacture and
compatibility with CMOS microelectronics. However, effective techniques for
high-speed modulation of quantum states in standard silicon photonic platforms
have been limited. Here we overcome this limitation and demonstrate high-speed
low-error quantum key distribution modulation with silicon photonic devices
combining slow thermo-optic DC biases and fast (10~GHz bandwidth)
carrier-depletion modulation. The ability to scale up these integrated circuits
and incorporate microelectronics opens the way to new and advanced integrated
quantum communication technologies and larger adoption of quantum-secured
communications
Strategies for solving the Fermi-Hubbard model on near-term quantum computers
The Fermi-Hubbard model is of fundamental importance in condensed-matter
physics, yet is extremely challenging to solve numerically. Finding the ground
state of the Hubbard model using variational methods has been predicted to be
one of the first applications of near-term quantum computers. Here we carry out
a detailed analysis and optimisation of the complexity of variational quantum
algorithms for finding the ground state of the Hubbard model, including costs
associated with mapping to a real-world hardware platform. The depth
complexities we find are substantially lower than previous work. We performed
extensive numerical experiments for systems with up to 12 sites. The results
suggest that the variational ans\"atze we used -- an efficient variant of the
Hamiltonian Variational ansatz and a novel generalisation thereof -- will be
able to find the ground state of the Hubbard model with high fidelity in
relatively low quantum circuit depth. Our experiments include the effect of
realistic measurements and depolarising noise. If our numerical results on
small lattice sizes are representative of the somewhat larger lattices
accessible to near-term quantum hardware, they suggest that optimising over
quantum circuits with a gate depth less than a thousand could be sufficient to
solve instances of the Hubbard model beyond the capacity of classical exact
diagonalisation.Comment: 14+11 pages, 19 figures, 5 tables; v3: publication versio
Advances in quantum machine learning
Here we discuss advances in the field of quantum machine learning. The
following document offers a hybrid discussion; both reviewing the field as it
is currently, and suggesting directions for further research. We include both
algorithms and experimental implementations in the discussion. The field's
outlook is generally positive, showing significant promise. However, we believe
there are appreciable hurdles to overcome before one can claim that it is a
primary application of quantum computation.Comment: 38 pages, 17 Figure